The strongest evidence that prenatal androgen exposure contributes to human gender development comes from studies of childrens gender typed play. The brains default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Brain and behavior in individuals with intersex conditions. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. Brain gender by melissa hines, 9780195188363, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. It then considers conflicts arising from measurements of psychological sex differences. At womens word, a festival at lucy cavendish college this weekend, professor melissa hines will explore the differences between male and female behaviour, and summarise recent research into prenatal and postnatal factors and the interaction between them.
Early androgen exposure and human gender development. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been. Melissa hines, department of social and developmental psychology. To address this question, melissa hines of city university london and gerianne m. Gender melissa hines, university of cambridge insights from biological perspectives on gender followup discussion session in grand ballroom salon i, marriott, level 5 immediately after. In the other individual, gender identity was female, following female sex of rearing from 7 months of age. The area in the brain that r egulates female and male r eproductive behavior is the hypothalamus. The topic of sex differences in brain and behavior continues to garner broad interest and generate considerable controversy. Melissa h ines melissa hines she is one of the worlds leading experts on human gender development, focusing particularly on the interaction between biological and social factors in gender development.
Hines m 2011, gender development and the human brain. This chapter examines the brain organization account of sex differences in toy preferences in light of challenges to the development to perspective, of which the brain organization account is an example. Review sexrelated variation in human behavior and the brain. This last finding suggests powerful influences of the social environment on gender identity, given the female gender identity with female sex of rearing, despite. This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of sex difference. What place, if any, do biological explanations have in social constructionist theories of gender. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. Another domain of gender development that differs substantially between males and females is sexual orientation hines, 2010, 2011. Georgia chronaki emotional processing and related brain components erp in adhd 28. Areas of brain activation in males and females during. Professor melissa hines of cambridge university researches gender development and the prenatal influences that affect it.
This chapter discusses hormonal influences on human aggression. In addition, other authors cover sex differences in human brain structure and brain responses papers by swaab and by savicberglund, the possibility of direct genetic influences on sexual orientation paper by bockland and vilain and evidence linking birth order, and perhaps maternal factors during pregnancy, to sexual orientation in men. Despite some evidence that prenatal androgen exposure relates to subsequent. Mental health professionals have known for years about sexbased differences in the type and severity of psychiatric disorders. Controls included 14 males and 33 females, of whom 22 were matched to women with cais for age, race, and sexofrearing. Hines questions whether or not different biological differences. Request pdf brain gender how important are biological factors, such as hormones, in shaping our sexual. Neuroscience and sexgender journal of neuroscience. Early androgens are related to childhood sextyped toy. Brain gender melissa hines oxford university press. Brain gender identity is determined very early in fetal development, but gender expression, expressed as behaviors requires hormonal, environmental, social and cultural interactions, which evolve with time. Sexual differentiation of sexual behavior and its orientation. Brain gender this page intentionally left blank brain gender melissa nines oxpord university press oxford university press oxford university press, inc.
Sex and gender bias in the experimental neurosciences. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Relation to gender identity, sexual orientation and. What we know about how the brain determines gender identity. Melissa hines melissa hines she is one of the worlds leading experts on human gender development, focusing particularly on the interaction between biological and social factors in gender development. Brain gender melissa hines, professor of psychology and director behavioural neuroendocrinology research unit melissa hines oxford university press, 2004 medical 307 pages. Prenatal endocrine influences on sexual orientation and on. Male infants reassigned as girls following early damage to their penis have also been followed up for gender identity. Brain gender melissa hines, professor of psychology and. Participants were recruited through a medical database n 10 or through a patient support group n 12.
My research focuses on gender development, both in healthy individuals and in individuals with disorders of sex development dsd. We evaluated psychological outcomes and gender development in 22 women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome cais. Brain gender is a book by melissa hines, hines graduated with an undergraduate degree from. Melissa hines is professor of psychology and director of the behavioural neuroendocrinology research unit at city university, london. Early androgen exposure and human gender development core. From genetics to brain activity, scientists are delving into the complicated cultural, neurological and biological aspects of sex and gender. Currently, hines is a psychologist and neuroscientist at the university of cambridge. In addition, other authors cover sex differences in human brain structure and brain responses papers by swaab and by savicberglund the possibility of direct genetic influences on sexual orientation paper by bockland and vilain and evidence linking birth order, and perhaps maternal factors during pregnancy, to sexual orientation in men. Hines, brain gender, chapter 7, androgen and aggression. Hundreds of studies on species ranging from rodents to nonhuman primates show that testosterone, and hormones produced.
With an educational and professional background in personality and developmental psychology, as well as neuroscience and clinical practice, professor hines brings a distinct, multifaceted perspective to her teaching and research. Childhood gendertyped behavior and adolescent sexual. Sex differences in core gender identity and sexual orientation, cognition, aggression, play, handedness and language lateralization are discussed. The researchers presented a group of vervet monkeys with a selection of toys, including rag dolls, trucks and some gender. Psychological outcomes and genderrelated development in. This tiny str ucture at the base of the brain connects to the pituitar y, the master en docrine gland.
Considering the publics deep fascination with sex difference research and its impact on issues from mental health to education and workplace equity, neuroscientists should pay greater heed to its misappropriation and to studying how gender enculturation shapes neural function. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. Prenatal hormones and postnatal socialization by parents as determinants of maletypical toy play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia vickie l. Early androgens are related to childhood sextyped toy preferences show all authors. Others claim that the research suggesting inborn sex differences in brain and behavior is faulty, and that psychological and behavioral differences between the sexes. How important are biological factors, such as hormones, in shaping our sexual destinies. But for fine, even a hint of biological influence is too much biology. At womens word, a festival at lucy cavendish college this weekend, professor melissa hines will explore the differences between male and female behaviour, and summarise recent research into prenatal and. By melissa hines, mihaela constantinescu and debra spencer. Melissa hines, department of psychology, university of.
Lab meetings spring 2015 bbbuilding jonas liesvei 91, 9th floor. By melissa hines find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Prenatal testosterone and genderrelated behaviour in. A spate of popular books in the past decade has heralded many of the recent advances in the study of the biological basis of human brain differences in relation to sex and gender. Convincing evidence indicates that prenatal exposure to the gonadal hormone, testosterone, influences the development of childrens sextypical toy and activity interests. Testosterone exerts these influences at times when the testes are active. Studies using human autopsy material have found some sex differences in the human brain similar to those seen in other species, and have reported that some brain sex differences correlate with sexual orientation or gender identity, although the causes of these brain. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. Fetal testosterone predicts sexually differentiated childhood behavior in girls and in boys. Apr 14, 2005 in brain gender, melissa hines presents a succinct, detailed, and wellsupported examination of the current understanding on what makes humans male or female. This book brings both of these perspectives to bear on the questions, tracing the factors that influence the brain, beginning with testosterone and other hormones during prenatal life, and continuing through changing life situations and experiences that can sculpt the brain and its activity, even in adulthood. Organization and development of sexually dimorphic circuits in the mammalian forebrain.
Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Professor of psychology, melissa hines department of. In brain gender, melissa hines presents a succinct, detailed, and wellsupported examination of the. Melissa hines, mihaela constantinescu, and debra spencer. How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are, 2nd edition new york. Currently, hines is a psychologist and neuroscientist at the university of cambridge brain gender is a book exploring the biological differences between sex and gender.
This early hormone difference exerts permanent influences on brain. Kung, and melissa hines, department of psychology, university of. In brain gender, melissa hines presents a succinct, detailed, and wellsupported examination of the current understanding on what makes humans male or female. Outline although girls and boys, as well as men and women, are largely similar psychologically and behaviourally, there are some areas of average difference. According to cambridge scientists, 17% of men and women have brains that are associated with the opposite gender. Childhood gendertyped behavior shows a large sex difference and has been considered as an important component of human gender development hines, 2010, 2015. My own book the essential difference was i think quite moderate in suggesting that sex differences are the result of both social and biological influences, and the same is true of melissa hines excellent book brain gender. Brain organization theory suggests that steroid hormones during fetal development permanently organize the brain for gender, including patterns of sexuality, cognition, temperament, and interests that differ by sex. Gender identity cannot be predicted from anatomy reiner. It has been shown that a r egion of the hypo thalamus is visibly lar ger in male rats than in females and. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read brain gender.
These lectures will discuss the nature of these differences, as well as their sizes and. Early androgen exposure and human gender development melissa hines, mihaela constantinescu and debra spencer abstract during early development, testosterone plays an important role in sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain and has enduring influences on behavior. Indeed, the influence of sex on brain function health and disease is underexplored in neuroscience research 47,49,50,51 albeit apparent gender dependent distribution patterns in the prevalence of. Sex differences in human behavior oxford scholarship. Yet, little is known regarding the neurobiological processes underlying such a gender difference. Brain gender find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Conway c d a department of psychology, city university london, northampton square, london, ec1v 0hb, u. It argues that there is little, if any, evidence supporting contributions of circulating levels of androgens in adulthood to human aggression or to psychological characteristics, like anger and dominance, thought to be associated with aggression. Gender behaviors must be differentiated from gender identity hines. Professor melissa hines specialises in human gender development and is the director of the gender development research centre at the university of cambridge. The early postnatal period, minipuberty, provides a window. This book brings a social development, as well as a biological and clinical psychological, perspective to bear on the factors that shape our development as male or female, and that cause individuals within each sex to differ from one another in sexrelated behaviors. In addition, the brain mechanisms underlying trelated behavioral changes are unknown.
Prenatal testosterone and gender related behaviour melissa hines department of psychology, city university, northampton square, london ec1v 0hb, uk correspondence should be addressed to m hines. You might think that your gender automatically determines if your brain is male or female, but youre wrong. Brain gender is a book by melissa hines, hines graduated with an undergraduate degree from princeton, following through with a doctorate in psychology from ucla. John coletti ex differences by doreen kimura in the brain. Johnston, jean golding, and the avon longitudinal study of parents and children study team levels of testosterone t and sex hormonebinding globulin shbg were measured in blood samples from pregnant women and related to gender role behavior in 342 male and 337 female offspring at the age of 3. Brain scans of transgender people show they neurologically.
Gender development and the human brain occidental college. Public discourse can be divisive and often ends up. For many educators and parents, gender generalizations are disappointingly simplistic. Experimental research in nonhuman mammals indicates that testosterone exposure during early periods of rapid brain development has enduring influences on brain and behaviour. Gender typed behavior and sexual orientation 1 childhood gender typed behavior and adolescent sexual orientation. These influences are exerted when testosterone is higher in developing males than females, and the affected characteristics are those that differ by sex. Melissa hines abstract some believe that there are male and female brains, and that these two types of brain produce very different patterns of behavior. Males are more severely afflicted by schizophrenia than females.
Prenatal hormones and postnatal socialization by parents. In one such individual, gender identity was male, despite female sex of rearing from 18 months of age. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Sex differences in the brain are real and clinically important but often grossly distorted in popular discourse. With an educational and professional background in personality and developmental psychology, as well as neuroscience and clinical practice, professor hines brings a distinct, multifaceted. This project will study brain structure and behavior in individuals with one of two disorders of sex development dsd, also called intersex conditions that are characterized by androgen abnormality beginning prenatally. Prenatal testosterone and gender related behaviour. Professor melissa hines is pleased to consider applications from prospective phd students. Churchill college about the college events chutalks does your brain hav e a gender.
Jun 22, 2011 is there any such thing as the female brain. She studies the development of gender, with particular focus on how the interaction of prenatal and postnatal experience shape brain development and behavior. Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of. Melissa hines is a neuroscientist and professor at the university of cambridge. Gonadal steroid induction of structural sex differences in. The hypothesis that levels of testosterone prenatally influence human behaviour derives from a large body of research on the neural and behavioural effects of early hormone manipulations in other mammals. Sexrelated variation in human behavior and the brain ncbi.
Churchill college about the college events chutalks does your brain have a gender. Pasterski vl, geffner m, brain c, hindmarsh p, brook c, hines m 2005, prenatal hormones versus postnatal socialization by parents as determinants of maletypical toy play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia child development 76. Kung, and melissa hines university of cambridge author note gu li, karson t. Gender exists in interactions that are socially construed as gendered. To investigate this issue, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare the neural correlates of sa in 20 male and 20 female subjects. Sexrelated variation in human behavior and the brain melissa hines department of social and developmental psychology, university of cambridge, free school lane, cambridge, cb2 3rq, uk male and female fetuses differ in testosterone concentrations beginning as early as week 8 of gestation.